ATTERBERG LIMITS
एटरबर्ग की सीमायें
[I.S. 2720 (Part 5) -1985]
अटबर्ग की सीमाएँ :-
जब मृदा मैं पानी मिलाया जाता है, तो मृदा की भिन्न -भिन्न परिथितियों को बताने की लिए मृदा का परिक्षण किया जाता हे जिसे अटबर्ग का सीमायें कहते हैं यह परिक्षण केसाग्रंडे (CORE CUTTER ) उपकरण से ज्ञात की जाती हैं |
A. Liquid limit (द्रव सीमा):-
- Object (उद्देश्य ):-
Atterberg Limits द्वारा मृदा के नमूने की द्रव सीमा ज्ञात करना।
- सामग्री(Material):-
- Soil Sample
- उपकरण(Apparatus):-
- कैसाग्राडे द्रव सीमा उपकरण।
- IS-9259-1979 के अनुरूप खाँचा काटने के औजार (Grooving tools)।
- 425 u1.S. चालनी।
- नियन्त्रित ताप भट्टी।
- करनी, चाकू,
- जलांश ज्ञात करने के लिये डिब्बे,
- आसुत जल
- 0.01 g सुग्राहिता बाली तुला।
- सिद्धांत (Theory):-
मृदा में उपस्थित जल की वह मात्रा, जिसको मिला कर मृदा को कैसग्रांडे उपकरण के प्याले में रखकर मानक खाँचा काटने के उपकरण से खाचा काटकर मानक दर से झटके देने पर 25 झटकों में खाँचे को लगभग 12 mm की दूरी तक बहकर भर दे, मृदा की द्रव सीमा कहलाती है ।
- विधि(Method):-
कैसा ग्रांडे उपकरण के प्याले को समायोजन पैच (Adjustable screw) की सहायता से उसके गिरने की ऊँचाई 10 mm निश्चित करो।
I.S 425μ की चालनी से छनने वाली मृदा का हवा में सुखाया लगभग 120g नमूना लो तथा इसमें आसुत जल मिलाकर लेप (Paste) तैयार कर लो।
इस लेप का कुछ भाग लेकर कैसा ग्रांडे उपकरण के प्याले में इस प्रकार रखो कि उसकी कहीं भी अधिकतम मोटाई 10 mm से अधिक न हो।
इस पेस्ट के ऊपर के तल को करनी से आधार के समानान्तर कर समतल कर लो।
वांछित खाँचा बनाने वाले उपकरण से इसमें खांचा बनाओ। यदि मृदा अपेक्षाकृत अधिक संसंजक (Cohesive) हो तो A अन्यथा B किस्म के खाँचा बनाने वाले औजार काम में लाओ।
उपकरण के हत्थे को 2 चक्र प्रति सेकण्ड की दर से तब तक घुमाओ जब तक काटा गया खाँचा मृदा के बहने के कारण 12mm की दूरी तक खाँचे के नीचे वाले दोनों भाग आपस में जुड़ न जाये।
इस नमूने का लगभग 15 नमूना जलाश ज्ञात करने के लिये पात्र में रख लो तथा जलांश ज्ञात करो।
यही क्रिया मृदा में विभिन्न जलांशों पर दोहराओ। (b) 10 से 40 आघातों वाले मानों को नोट करके आघातो की संख्या व जलांश में
सेमी० लॉग ग्राफ खींचकर 25 आघातों के लिये जलांश का मान प्राफ से पढ़ लो।
- प्रेक्षण (Observation):-
| S.R | पात्र संख्या विवरण | I | II | III |
| 1 | आघातों की संख्या | |||
| 2 | पात्र + गीली मृदा का भार (W1) gm | |||
| 3 | पात्र + शुष्क मृदा का भार (W2) gm | |||
| 4 | जल का भार (W1-W2)gm | |||
| 5 | पात्र का भार W3 gm | |||
| 6 | शुष्क मृदा का भार (W2-W3) gm | |||
| 7 | जलांश/ द्रव सीमा (wL )= (W1-W2)/(W2-W3)X100 % |
परिणाम (Result):-
इसलिए मृदा की द्रव सीमा ग्राफ से (wL )= (W1-W2)/(W2-W3)X 100 %
- सावधानियाँ (Precautions):-
- प्रयोग में आसुत जल का ही उपयोग करना चाहिये।
- मृदा का नमूना वायु में हो शुष्क कर के काम में लाना चाहिये। इसको भट्ठी को शुष्क नहीं करना चाहिये।
- यह सुनिश्चित कर लेना चाहिये कि मृदा में काटा गया खाँचा मृदा के बहने से भरा है मृदा के फिसलने के कारण नहीं।
- आसुत जल मृदा में अच्छी तरह मिल जाना चाहिये। आवश्यकता पड़ने पर उसके
- लिये मृदा को जल मिलाकर कुछ समय के लिये छोड़ा भी जा सकता है ।
- प्रत्येक परीक्षण के बाद उपकरण अच्छी तरह साफ कर लेना चाहिये ।
B. Plastic limit (सुघट्य सीमा):-
- Object (उद्देश्य ):-
Atterberg Limits द्वारा मृदा के नमूने की सुघट्य सीमा ज्ञात करना।
- सामग्री(Material):-
Atterberg Limits
- Soil Sample
- उपकरण(Apparatus):-
- ग्राउन्ड काँच की प्लेट 20 cm x 15 cm.
- 3mm व्यास की छड़,
- आसुत जल,
- जलांश ज्ञात करने के लिये पात्र,
- डेसीकेटर,
- 0.01 सुग्राहिता वाली तुला
- नियन्त्रित ताप वाली भट्टी।
- सिद्धांत (Theory):-
यह मृदा में उपस्थित जल की वह मात्रा है जिसे मिलाकर मृदा को ग्राउन्ड कांच के शीशे पर उंगलियों से वेलकर 3 mm पतले व्यास के धागे में ढाला जा सके। Atterberg limits कहलाती हैं |
- विधि(Method):–
मृदा को वायु में शुष्क कर इसे L.S. 425 माइक्रान की चालनी से छान लो।
इसमें से 30 ग्राम नमूना लेकर कुछ मात्रा में आसुत जल अच्छी प्रकार मिला लो और गूंथकर गेंद के आकार में बना लो। जल अच्छी प्रकार मिलाने के लिये नमूने में जल मिलाकर उसे सोखने के लिये छोड़ा भी जा सकता है।
इसका लगभग 10 ग्राम भाग लेकर इसे ग्राउन्ड काँच की प्लेट पर उंगलियों से बेलकर धागे के रूप में ढालो। यदि मृदा का 3 mm से कम व्यास का धागा बन गया हो तो इसका अर्थ है कि मृदा में जल की अधिक मात्रा है। यदि धागा 3 mm से मोटा होने पर भी टूटने लगता है तो मृदा में जल की मात्रा कम है।
इस मिट्टी को पुनः गूँथकर इसी क्रिया को दोहराओ जब तक कि मृदा 3 mm के धागे में न ढल जाये परन्तु जरा-सा और पतला करना चाहें तो वह टूटने लगे।
यदि 3 mm का धागा बनने से पूर्व ही धागे में दरार पड़ने लगे तो इसका अर्थ है मृदा में पानी की मात्रा कम है। इस मृदा में पानी मिलाकर यही क्रिया दोहराओ।
बटे हुये धागे का व्यास 3 mm है या नहीं, यह पास रखी 3 m व्यास की छड़ से मृदा के बटे धागे के व्यास की तुलना कर देखते हैं।
3 mm ब्यास में बटे धागे वाली मृदा से यही क्रिया पुनः उसी जलाश पर दोहरा कर सुनिश्चित कर लें कि यह जलाश मृदा की सुघट्य सीमा का ही है।
इस मृदा का थोड़ा भाग जलाश ज्ञात करने के लिये पात्र में रख लो और उसका जलाश ज्ञात कर लो
- प्रेक्षण (Observation):-
| S.R | पात्र संख्या विवरण | I | II | III |
| 1 | आघातों की संख्या | |||
| 2 | पात्र + गीली मृदा का भार (W1) gm | |||
| 3 | पात्र + शुष्क मृदा का भार (W2) gm | |||
| 4 | जल का भार (W1-W2)gm | |||
| 5 | पात्र का भार W3 gm | |||
| 6 | शुष्क मृदा का भार (W2-W3) gm | |||
| 7 | सुघट्य सीमा (wp )= (W1-W2)/(W2-W3)X100 % |
- परिणाम (Result):-
- इसलिए मृदा की सुघट्य सीमा (Plastic Limit) ग्राफ से (wp) = (W1-W2)/(W2-W3)X 100 %
- सावधानियाँ (Precautions):-
- मृदा के नमूने को भट्टी में नहीं सुखाना चाहिये वरन् उसे वायु में सुखाना चाहिये।
- परीक्षण में आसुत जल (Distilled water) ही उपयोग में लाना चाहिये।
- मृदा में जल अच्छी तरह मिल जाना चाहिये।
- यदि आवश्यक हो तो इसके लिये मृदा को कुछ समय के लिये जल मिलाकर छोड़ा भी जा सकता है।
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