Types of Pavement
Types of Pavement मुख्यता भारत में दो तरह के फुटपाथ (Rigid Pavements | Flexible Pavements) बिछाए जाते हैं-कठोर फुटपाथ और लचीले फुटपाथ। सरल शब्दों में, एक लचीले फुटपाथ को फुटपाथ की परत के रूप में परिभाषित किया जा सकता है जिसमें समुच्चय और कोलतार का मिश्रण होता है,
जिसे गर्म और ठीक से मिलाया जाता है और फिर दानेदार परत के बिस्तर पर रखा और जमा किया जाता है। दूसरी ओर, कठोर फुटपाथ सीमेंट कंक्रीट या प्रबलित कंक्रीट स्लैब से बने होते हैं, जो कम ताकत वाली कंक्रीट परत (ड्राई लीन कंक्रीट, डीएलसी) या समुच्चय या दोनों की एक अच्छी तरह से संकुचित परत पर बिछाए जाते हैं।
अभी भी भारत में, 98% सड़कों में Flexible Pavements (लचीले फुटपाथ) हैं। अपशिष्ट पदार्थों के उपयोग पर बहुत सारे शोध किए गए हैं लेकिन इन सामग्रियों की भूमिका अभी भी सीमित है। इसलिए एक समग्र दृष्टिकोण अपनाने और उन क्षेत्रों को चिह्नित करने की आवश्यकता है जहां ये सबसे उपयुक्त हैं।
सामान्यता प्रयुक्त सामग्री के आधार पर तीन प्रकार के pavements होते हैं। यहाँ सभी प्रकार का संक्षिप्त विवरण दिया गया है।
- Rigid Pavements:-
- Rigid Pavements
- Semi Rigid Pavements:-
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Flexible Pavements:-
ये सामान्यता 4 परतों मैं बनाये जाते हैं और इनमे भार ग्रेन से ग्रेन पर स्थानांतरित होता है |
एक विशिष्ट लचीले फुटपाथ में बेस कोर्स और सब-बेस कोर्स पर बिटुमिनस सरफेस कोर्स होता है। सतह के पाठ्यक्रम में एक या अधिक बिटुमिनस या हॉट मिक्स डामर (HMA) परतें हो सकती हैं।
इन फुटपाथों में नगण्य लचीलेपन की ताकत होती है और इसलिए भार की कार्रवाई के तहत विरूपण से गुजरना पड़ता है।
सबग्रेड परत उपरोक्त परतों से भार को जमीन पर स्थानांतरित करने के लिए जिम्मेदार है। लचीले फुटपाथों को इस तरह से डिज़ाइन किया गया है कि जो भार सबग्रेड तक पहुँचता है वह सबग्रेड मिट्टी की वहन क्षमता से अधिक न हो।
नतीजतन, सबग्रेड के ऊपर की परतों की मोटाई मिट्टी की ताकत के आधार पर अलग-अलग होती है, जो फुटपाथ के निर्माण की लागत को प्रभावित करती है।
Rigid Pavements:-
इसे सामान्यता तीन परतों मैं बनाया जाता है इसमे भार उपरी लेयर से सीधे मृदा पर स्थानांतरित किया जाता है |
कठोर फुटपाथों का नाम कंक्रीट स्लैब की उच्च लचीली कठोरता के कारण रखा गया है और इसलिए फुटपाथ संरचना उनके सतह पाठ्यक्रम की लोच के उच्च मापांक के कारण लोडिंग के तहत बहुत कम विक्षेपित होती है।
कंक्रीट स्लैब यातायात भार को छोटे गहराई वाले बड़े क्षेत्र में वितरित करने में सक्षम है जो तनाव को कम करने में मदद करने के लिए कई परतों की आवश्यकता को कम करता है। सबसे आम प्रकार के कठोर फुटपाथ में डॉवेल बार और टाई बार होते हैं।
डॉवेल बार छोटे स्टील बार होते हैं जो क्षैतिज संयुक्त आंदोलन को प्रतिबंधित किए बिना स्लैब के बीच एक यांत्रिक कनेक्शन प्रदान करते हैं। दूसरी ओर टाई बार, या तो विकृत स्टील बार या कनेक्टर होते हैं जो संपर्क में स्लैब के चेहरे को पकड़ने के लिए उपयोग किए जाते हैं।
हालांकि वे कुछ न्यूनतम मात्रा में लोड ट्रांसफर प्रदान कर सकते हैं, वे लोड ट्रांसफर डिवाइस के रूप में कार्य करने के लिए डिज़ाइन नहीं किए गए हैं और केवल दो कंक्रीट स्लैब को एक साथ ‘टाई’ करने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है।
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Semi Rigid Pavements:-
यह एक rigid pavments का ही रूप है
जब फुटपाथ की परतों के उप-आधार या आधार पाठ्यक्रम में मिट्टी सीमेंट, लीन सीमेंट कंक्रीट जैसी अर्ध-कठोर सामग्री के मध्यवर्ती वर्ग का उपयोग किया जाता है, तो उन्हें अर्ध-कठोर फुटपाथ कहा जाता है।
फुटपाथ दोनों लचीली फुटपाथ परतों और एक या एक से अधिक अर्ध कठोर फुटपाथ परतों से मिलकर बने होते हैं जिन्हें मिश्रित फुटपाथ कहा जाता है।
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