Practical Knowledge of Civil Engineering
Important Points for Civil Site Engineers:-
Practical Knowledge of Civil Engineering निर्माण में सिविल इंजीनियरों को कई गतिविधियां करना और इस समस्या के समाधान के लिए त्वरित साइट निर्माण समस्याओं का सामना करना पड़ रहा है, सिविल इंजीनियरों को इन बिंदुओं, युक्तियों और युक्तियों को याद रखना चाहिए। सिविल इंजीनियरों के लिए इसे याद रखने और निर्माण कार्य को आसान बनाने के लिए सामान्य टिप्स, ट्रिक्स और टेबल हैं। अगर निर्माण की गुणवत्ता अच्छी है। सिविल साइट इंजीनियरों के लिए महत्वपूर्ण और बुनियादी ज्ञान नीचे दिया गया है:
Basic Points for civil engineer:-
ये सारे point बहुत ही महवपूर्ण हैं आप लोग किसी भी interview मैं जाने से पहले इन को जरूर तैयार कर लें |
- In soil filling as per IS code for every 100 square meter (m2) 3 sample for core cutting test should be taken.
- The compaction of concrete should be done properly.
- Concrete should be transport to the shortest route.
- Reinforcement design should be done according to the as per IS codes.
- The height of floor to floor should not be less than 3 m and not more than 4 m.
- Water absorption of bricks should be less than 15 %
- The combination of cement, sand, and coarse aggregate should be according to the design.
- PH value of water should not be less than 6 because below the PH value of 6 it is acidic.
- For calculation of unit weight of steel, the formula is D 2/162.162 in Kg/m. this formula is used when the dia of bar is in mm. while for lb/ft the formula is used D 2/52.9 where dia of steel is in sothar.
- Concrete cover should be sufficient
- The compressive strength of brick is 3.5N/mm.
- Concrete should not be fall from more than 1.5 m height.
- Don’t use over vibrator in concrete.
- For dowel bars the dia of steel should not be less than 12mm.
- For chair bar the dia of steel should not be less than 12 mm
- The formwork should be tight.
- The longitudinal bars should not be less 0.8 % and not more than 6 % of gross c/s.
- The minimum number of bars in circular column is 6 No’s. while in square column the number of bars is 4 No’s.
- Cement should be stored in dry place. It would be raised from the 8 inches above floor level and one (1) foot or 300 mm away from each side of walls. The cement bags should be stocked more than 10 bags in such a manner.
- Electrical conduits shall not run in column or beam.
- In steel construction the binding wire required is 8 Kg per MT.
- The spacing between chair bars should not be more than 1 meter or one chair bar per 1 m2
- The dimension tolerance for cubes +, – 2 mm.
- Earth quick excavation for basement above 3 m should be steeped form
- The water cement ratio must be check.
- Water cement ratio is different for different grade of concrete for example water cement ratio should be 0.45 for M20, M25 and above. 0.50 for M15, M10 and below.
- The cube test should be done for every 30 cubic meter (m3) area.
- The aggregate which are used in concrete must be free from silt, dust and clay or other impurities.
- In aggregate the angular shape is good for construction. In angular shape aggregates it makes the bond perfect and concrete is prepared from it very strong and have high strength.
- Lapping of bar must not be used having diameter more than 36 mm
- Minimum thickness of slab must not be less than 125 mm
- For normal construction the size of coarse aggregate ranges from 10 to 20 mm.
Density of Materials:-
सामग्री में समान घनत्व नहीं होता है। विभिन्न सामग्रियों के लिए घनत्व भिन्न होता है सामग्री का घनत्व नीचे दिया गया है:
| S. No | Materials | Density in Kg / m3 |
| 1 | water | 1000 |
| 2 | cement | 1440 |
| 3 | Plain cement Concrete | 2400 |
| 4 | Reinforcement concrete | 2500 |
| 5 | Asphalt | 721 |
| 6 | lime | 640 |
| 7 | Lime mortar | 1760 |
| 8 | iron | 7850 |
| 9 | steel | 7850 |
| 10 | Aluminum | 2739 |
| 11 | Glass | 2580 |
| 12 | Zinc | 7135 |
| 13 | Lead | 11340 |
| 14 | Tin | 7280 |
| 15 | Nickle | 8908 |
| 16 | Copper | 8940 |
| 17 | Magnesium | 1738 |
| 18 | Stainless steel | 8000 |
| 19 | Igneous rock | 2700 |
| 20 | Sedimentary rock | 2600 |
| 21 | Metamorphic rock | 2700 |
| 22 | Sandstone | 2000 |
| 23 | Bricks | 1500 – 1800 |
| 24 | Clay soil | 1900 |
| 25 | Bamboo | 350 |
| 26 | Aspen | 420 |
| 27 | Ash (black ) | 540 |
| 28 | Ash ( white) | 670 |
| 29 | Sandy soil | 1800 |
| 30 | Pine | 500 |
Column BBS | Bar Bending Schedule for RCC Column| BBS
Concrete Cover or Clear Cover to Reinforcement Bar:-
कंक्रीट कवर का उपयोग जंग के खिलाफ रेबार की रक्षा और आग के खिलाफ प्रतिरोध प्रदान करने के लिए किया जाता है। संरचना के विभिन्न सदस्यों में कंक्रीट की मोटाई भिन्न होती है। कंक्रीट कवर से सुदृढीकरण बार के लिए चार्ट या टेबल दिया गया है:
| S. No | Member of structure | Concrete cover in (mm) |
| 1 | Beam | 25 |
| 2 | Slab | 15 |
| 3 | Stair case | 15 |
| 4 | Column | 40 |
| 5 | Raft foundation Sides | 75 |
| 6 | Footing | 75 |
| 7 | Raft foundation bottom | 75 |
| 8 | Water retaining structures | 25 |
| 9 | Shear wall | 25 |
| 10 | Flat slab | 20 |
| 11 | Grade slab | 20 |
| 12 | Raft foundation top | 50 |
| 13 | Strap beam | 50 |
Layout Plan For House |2D Drawing |New Layout Plan
Curing Method of Concrete(कंक्रीट की तराई विधि):-
कंक्रीट की तराई विधि नीचे दी गई है
- छिड़काव
- पॉन्डिंग
- भाप इलाज
- गीला आवरण
- तराई रसायन द्वारा
Cube Samples for Different Quantity of Concrete Volume:-
कंक्रीट की संपीड़ित ताकत को खोजने के लिए घन नमूने का उपयोग किया जाता है, आपको कंक्रीट की विभिन्न मात्रा के लिए अलग-अलग संख्या में नमूने मिलना चाहिए। ठोस मात्रा की विभिन्न मात्रा के लिए घन नमूने निम्नानुसार हैं:
| S. No | Volume of Concrete | Number of samples |
| 1 | 1 to 5 m3 | 1 sample |
| 2 | 6 to 15 m3 | 2 samples |
| 3 | 16 to 30 m3 | 3 samples |
| 4 | 30 to 50 m3 | 4 samples |
| 5 | 50 plus or above 50 m3 | 5 samples |
Types of Tenders| Tender in India| Govt Tenders
Removal of Formwork or De Shuttering Time:-
फॉर्मवर्क के अलग-अलग सदस्य होते हैं जैसे नींव, बीम, कॉलम और स्लैब इत्यादि। कंक्रीट के छिद्र के बाद शटरिंग को हटा दिया जाना चाहिए कुछ समय बाद शटरिंग का समय नीचे दिया गया है:
| S. No | Members of structure | Days |
| 1 | Sides of foundation, beam, columns and walls | 2 days |
| 2 | Sides of slab under 4.5 meter span | 7 days |
| 3 | Sides of slab above 4.5 meter span | 14 days |
| 4 | Side of beams and arches up to 6 meter span | 14 days |
| 5 | Side of beams between 6 meter to 9 meter span | 21 days |
| 6 | Side of beams and arches above 9 met | 28 days |
Weight of Steel Bar per M/Kg:-
स्टील बार का वजन मीटर प्रति किलोग्राम में नीचे तालिका में दिया गया है:-
| S. No | Dia of bar in (mm) | Weight of steel in Kg per meter |
| 1 | 6 | 0.22 |
| 2 | 8 | 0.39 |
| 3 | 10 | 0.61 |
| 4 | 12 | 0.88 |
| 5 | 16 | 1.57 |
| 6 | 20 | 2.46 |
| 7 | 25 | 3.85 |
| 8 | 32 | 6.31 |
| 9 | 40 | 9.86 |
ध्यान दें:
इस तालिका में प्रयुक्त सूत्र D2/162.162 किलोग्राम/मीटर में है। इस सूत्र का उपयोग तब किया जाता है जब बार का व्यास मिमी में और बार की लंबाई मीटर में हो।
Conversion of Units(इकाइयों का रूपांतरण):-
| 1 foot = 12 inches | 1 yard = 3 ft |
| 1 foot = 0.304 meter | 1 yard = 36 inches |
| 1 foot = 304.8 mm | 1 yard = 0.914 meter |
| 1 foot = 30 cm | 1 yard = 91.44 centimeter |
| 1 mile = 1.609 km | 1 yard = 9144 millimeter |
| 1 millimeter = 0.039 inch | 1 karam 5.5 ft |
| 1 inch = 25.4 mm | 1 karam = 1.67 meter |
| 1 inch = 2.54 centimeter | 1 Marla = 272.72 square feet |
| 1 furlong = 600 ft | 1 Marla = 25.10 square meter |
| 1 foot = 0.36 vars | 1 kanal = 20 Marla |
| 1 furlong = 40 rods | 1 kanal = 502 square meter |
| 1 mile = 8 furlong | 1 kanal = 180 square karam |
| 1 mile = 320 rods | 1 acre = 160 square rods |
| 1 mile = 800 links | 1 acre = 160 poles |
| 1 mile = 80 chains | 1 acre = 0.4047 hectare |
| 1 mile = 320 perches | 1 Acre = 100 square meter |
| 1 mile = 5280 ft | 1 link = 7.92 inches |
| 1 perch = 1 pole | 1link = 0.66 foot |
| 1 perch =1 rod | 1 link = 0.20 meter |
| 1 perch = 16.5 ft | 1 N = 0.101 kg |
| 1 rod = 1 perch | 1 kg = 9.8 N |
| 1 perch =25 links | 1 ounce = 0.062 lb |
| 1 kg = 2.204 lb | 1 kg = 1000 gram |
| 1 ton = 1000 kg | 1 gram = 0.001 kg |
Civil Engineering Course | Types of Civil Engineering Courses
अगर कोई भी fresher civil engineer सिर्फ इतना तैयार करके किसी भी interview के लिए जाता है या फिर new job लगी है तो इतना तो पता होना चाहिए वरना काफी परेशानियों का सामान करना पड़ सकता है |
आशा करता हूँ की मेरा ये आर्टिकल आपके लिए महत्वपूर्ण होगा |
@civilguru की तरफ से Best of Luck
ER. MOHD IMRAN KHAN
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