Cantilever Retaining Wall | Counterfort Retaining Wall | Retaining Wall
Cantilever Retaining Wall | Counterfort Retaining Wall | Retaining Wall कैंटिलीवर रिटेनिंग दीवारें प्रबलित कंक्रीट से बनी हैं। इनमें एक अपेक्षाकृत पतला तना और एक आधार स्लैब होता है। आधार को भी दो भागों में बांटा गया है, एड़ी और पैर की अंगुली। एड़ी बैकफिल के नीचे आधार का हिस्सा है। पैर का अंगूठा आधार का दूसरा हिस्सा है।
COMPONENT OF RETAINING WALL
Stem-
यह ब्रैकट दीवार का ऊर्ध्वाधर सीधा भाग है जो पार्श्व कारावास को सहारा देता है या रोकता है। तने का पतला अनुपात अधिक होता है। कभी-कभी तना एक ही मोटाई का बना होता है और कभी-कभी उन्हें आधार पर मोटा बनाया जाता है।पैर की अंगुली: यह दीवार के बाहरी हिस्से में मिट्टी पर जड़ा हुआ आधार होता है जहाँ मिट्टी के द्रव्यमान को बनाए नहीं रखना होता है।
Toe-
यह दीवार के बाहरी हिस्से में मिट्टी पर जड़ा हुआ आधार होता है जहाँ मिट्टी के द्रव्यमान को बनाए नहीं रखना होता है।
Heel-
यह मिट्टी पर जड़े हुए बेस फ़ुटिंग का भी हिस्सा है, लेकिन दीवार के अंदर के हिस्से में जहाँ मिट्टी के द्रव्यमान को बनाए रखना होता है। एड़ी की लंबाई अपेक्षाकृत बड़ी होती है। यह दीवार के आत्म-वजन को बढ़ाने के लिए किया जाता है। ऐसा करने में, एड़ी के ऊपर की मिट्टी दीवार के हिस्से के रूप में कार्य करती है और इस प्रकार फुटिंग के आधार पर वजन प्रदान करती है, जो रिटेनिंग मास के पार्श्व बल के कारण पल के मुकाबले रिस्टोरिंग मोमेंट को बढ़ाता है।
Shear Key-
यह एक बनाए रखने वाली दीवार की छोटी घुसपैठ संरचना है, कभी-कभी निष्क्रिय पार्श्व बल को बढ़ाने और स्लाइडिंग और कतरनी का विरोध करने के लिए आधार के नीचे निर्मित होती है।
Group Index Method| Pavement Design| GI Method
Types of Retaining Walls:-
काउंटरफोर्ट रिटेनिंग दीवारें कैंटिलीवर की दीवारों के समान होती हैं, सिवाय इसके कि उनमें दीवार के पीछे नियमित अंतराल पर पतले ऊर्ध्वाधर कंक्रीट के जाले होते हैं। इन जाले को काउंटरफोर्ट के रूप में जाना जाता है।काउंटरफोर्ट स्लैब और बेस को एक साथ बांधते हैं, और उनका उद्देश्य मिट्टी द्वारा दीवार पर लगाए गए कतरनी बलों और झुकने वाले क्षणों को कम करना है। एक द्वितीयक प्रभाव अतिरिक्त कंक्रीट से दीवार के वजन को बढ़ाना है।साइट पर प्रीकास्ट या गठित किया जा सकता है।25 फीट से ऊपर की ऊंचाई के लिए काउंटरफोर्ट रिटेनिंग दीवारें कैंटिलीवर की दीवारों की तुलना में अधिक किफायती हैं।
Gravity Retaining Wall
Crib Retaining Wall
Gabion Retaining Walls
Cantilever Retaining Wall
Counter-fort / Buttressed Retaining Wall
Anchored Retaining Wall
Piled Retaining Wall
Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Retaining wall
Hybrid Systems
आइये अब कुछ महत्वपूर्ण प्रतिधारक दीवारों के बारे मैं जानते हैं |
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Cantilever Retaining Wall:-
स्टेम और बेस स्लैब से बनी कैंटिलीवर रिटेनिंग वॉल
इसका निर्माण प्रबलित कंक्रीट, प्रीकास्ट कंक्रीट या प्रेस्ट्रेस कंक्रीट से किया गया है।
कैंटिलीवर रिटेनिंग वॉल रिटेनिंग वॉल के रूप में उपयोग की जाने वाली सबसे आम प्रकार है।
कैंटिलीवर रिटेनिंग वॉल या तो साइट पर बनाई गई है या प्रीफैब्रिकेटेड ऑफसाइट यानी प्रीकास्ट।
बैकफिल सामग्री के नीचे बेस स्लैब के हिस्से को एड़ी कहा जाता है, और दूसरे हिस्से को पैर की अंगुली कहा जाता है।
कैंटिलीवर रिटेनिंग वॉल 10 मीटर की ऊंचाई तक किफायती है।
गुरुत्वाकर्षण दीवार की तुलना में इसके लिए कम मात्रा में कंक्रीट की आवश्यकता होती है
लेकिन इसके डिजाइन और निर्माण को सावधानीपूर्वक निष्पादित किया जाएगा।
गुरुत्वाकर्षण दीवार के समान, इसके डिजाइन के दौरान फिसलने, पलटने और असर दबाव को ध्यान में रखा जाना चाहिए।
Gravity Retaining Walls:-
Gabion Retaining Walls:-
गेबियन बनाए रखने वाली दीवार की दीवारें बहु-कोशिका वाली, आयताकार तार की जाली होती हैं
बक्से, जो चट्टानों या अन्य उपयुक्त सामग्री से भरे हुए हैं।
इसका उपयोग कटाव नियंत्रण संरचनाओं के निर्माण के लिए किया जाता है।
इसका उपयोग खड़ी ढलानों को स्थिर करने के लिए भी किया जाता है।
Counter-fort Retaining Wall:-
यह एक ब्रैकट रिटेनिंग वॉल है, लेकिन दीवार स्लैब और बेस स्लैब के पिछले हिस्से के साथ मोनोलिथिक काउंटर किलों से मजबूत है।
काउंटर फोर्ट स्पेसिंग काउंटर-फोर्ट की ऊंचाई के आधे से बराबर या थोड़ा बड़ा है।
काउंटर-किले की दीवार की ऊंचाई 8-12 मीटर तक होती है।
Design of cantilever walls-
कैंटिलीवर रिटेनिंग वॉल का डिज़ाइन विभिन्न मापदंडों और कारकों पर निर्भर करता है जैसे कि मिट्टी के पैरामीटर: तरलता सीमा, पानी की मात्रा, मिट्टी का घनत्व, मिट्टी का सामंजस्य गुण, असर क्षमता, दीवार से घर्षण का कोण, मिट्टी में कतरनी प्रतिरोध का कोण ; ऊंचाई में अंतर; जल तालिका की उपस्थिति, आदि।
दीवार के डिजाइन से पहले, इन-सीटू मिट्टी की संपत्ति का ठीक से विश्लेषण किया जाना चाहिए और मापदंडों के मूल्यों को निर्धारित करने की आवश्यकता है। फिर ब्रैकट दीवार के डिजाइन के लिए निम्नलिखित प्रक्रियाएं जारी रखी जा सकती हैं।
Determine the lateral earth pressure-
Rankine Theory की सहायता से Leteral Pressureकी गणना करते हैं|
ब्रैकट दीवार के लिए, Pa सक्रिय दबाव है जो दीवार की एड़ी से गुजरने वाले ऊर्ध्वाधर विमान AB पर कार्य करता है। लगाया गया दबाव Pa बैकफिल सतह के समानांतर होता है जो दीवार द्वारा बनाए रखा जाता है और दीवार के आधार से H/3 की ऊंचाई पर कार्य करता है। नोट: H, समतल AB की ऊँचाई है|
Check for stability-
उपयुक्त सूत्र और तकनीकों का उपयोग करके आवश्यक असर दबाव, परिणामी बल, परिणामी क्षण, प्रतिरोध बल, घर्षण बल, स्लाइडिंग बल, प्रतिरोध क्षण, पलटने वाले क्षण निर्धारित करें।
Base failure of foundation-
अनुपयुक्त डिज़ाइन के कारण संपूर्ण रिटेनिंग वॉल सहित संपूर्ण मृदा द्रव्यमान का वृत्ताकार फिसलन हो सकता है। यह आमतौर पर तब होता है जब नींव ज्यादातर नरम मिट्टी होती है। रिटेन वॉल की महत्वपूर्ण स्थिति का निर्धारण विशिष्टता के अनुसार डिजाइन किया जाना चाहिए
उपरोक्त गणनाओं के आधार पर प्रबलन का डिज़ाइन
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Retaining walls can be a great way to create terraced gardens. Have you ever tried growing plants on a slope?
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